The Dogon dialects are highly distinct from one another and many varieties are not mutually intelligible, actually amounting to some 12 dialects and 50 sub-dialects. The Niger River is nearby and in the sandstone rock, a rivulet runs at the foot of the cliff at the lowest point of the area during the wet season. It was first inhabited by the Tellem, Stone Age hunters, at least 10,000 years ago. When a woman leaves her husband, she takes with her only the youngest childthe remaining children stay with the husband's family. ." WebIn this short article, the authors present a brief and clear-cut account of the relationship between the Dogon cosmogony and their social organization in terms of a discussion of Very much like the lyrics of the famous Elizabeth "Jane" Shore was a fiery and charismatic Englishwoman who made a name for herself as one of the many sultry mistresses of the handsome and powerful English king, Edward IV. A few villages also keep bees. The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. ETHNONYMS: Cohatur, Kohatur, Kotar, Koter, Kothur The dominant form of vegetation on both plain and plateau is the sparse but regular forest of tall trees, which at close range gives the appearance of an immense orchard. Griaule describes it in this passage: Most of the conversations with Ogotemmli had indeed turned largely on twins and on the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives. & E.I.K. Durieux-Boon (2004). "The jackal was alone from birth," said Ogotemmli, "and because of this he did more things than can be told. [22] They were primarily symbolized by the sun, which was a female symbol in the religion. In referring to relatives, linguistic usage distinguishes between the forms of address and the specific relationship. According to this oral tradition, the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani-Na. The orbit cycle takes 50 years. [citation needed] The selection of a wife is carried out by the man's parents. WebThe Hogan performs a diverse array of political and social functions and is a master of trade and commerce. Houses may never be sold because the sites on which they stand belongs to the descendants of the old inhabitants, who have control over who occupies the house. Another 10% practices Christianity. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. In comparison with the neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and moved up to the cliffs of Bandiagara for better defense and to escape persecutionoften building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies.[15][17]. Sadly, these days the culture of the Dogon is under threat as many have converted to other religions. The Dogon numbered 500,000 on the eve of Malis independence on The Awa is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. [citation needed] After a couple has had children together, divorce is a rare and serious matter, and it requires the participation of the whole village. During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. The hogon is always a man. Expert Answer Introduction. One of its most distinctive features is the hierarchical series of occupational "castes" or status groups consisting of iron- and leatherworkers, griots (lineage genealogists), musicians, poets, and sorcerers. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books B.V. They chose to migrate to the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and they still remain fiercely protective of their culture. There are two endogamous castes in Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers. The Yana Gulay mask's purpose is to impersonate a Fulani woman, and is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells. The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. Photographs of masked dancers, first taken in 1907, as well as examples of native art work, soon made their way into Europe and the United States, catching the interest and curiosity of the Western world. Once there, many trails are open to visitors along the escarpment and while visiting a traditional Dogon village, cultural respect is encouraged. Historically, Dogon villages were established in the Bandiagara area a thousand years ago because the people collectively refused to convert to Islam and retreated from areas controlled by Muslims.[5]. 'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. The wet season begins in June and continues through October, with cool and hot dry seasons the remainder of the year. 16th-20th Century. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. [13] As the growth of cities increased, the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased. Organisation sociale des dogon (Soudan Franais). In Dogon Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. In his dress and behaviour the hogon symbolizes the Dogon myth of creation, to which the Dogon relate much of their social organization and culture. [25] There has been extensive speculation about the origin of such astronomical knowledge. The principal domestic animals are sheep, goats, donkeys, dogs, chickens, guinea fowls, ducks, some cattle, a few horses, and cats. Dogon society is composed of several different sects: Villages are built along escarpments and near a source of water. ); from Mali, Figure of a kneeling woman; circa 1500; wood; height: 35.2cm (1378 in. This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, all day. They make music on a special instrument that is made of a rod of wood and calabashes that makes the sound of a rattle. [37] Women have no right to learn Sigui So. The degree of complexity of the ceremonies depends upon the age and status of the deceased male. 32, No. The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' Each Dogon village may differ in the designs of the masks used in the dama ritual. Although some Dogon accepted the new regime, many strongly opposed and resisted it for many years. The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Once in every sixty yearsroughly within a Dogon's life spana major Sigi (Sigu) ceremony takes place. Not on view. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! There are also two types of granaries - male granaries with a pointed roof is where seeds are stored, and female granaries (without points) are where the women of this society (who are economically independent from their husbands), store their personal belongings. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all. Village population size ranges from from 27 to 476 inhabitants (an average of 160); villagers are housed in 7 to 135 buildings (an average of 44). They were one of the last people in West Africa to lose their independence and come under French rule.[18]. The historical pattern included the murder of indigenous males by raiders and enslavement of women and children. Grain is stored in granaries. ', This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system, mm Ya, or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". At this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to the ancestors. A hogon is a spiritual leader in a Dogon village who plays an important role in Dogon religion. [45], Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this Sudanese star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed. Dogon society is organized by a patrilineal kinship system. Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. Divorce is not uncommon; it occurs most often in polygynous households. The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso. [4], The principal Dogon area is bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment, a sandstone cliff of up to 500 metres (1,600ft) high, stretching about 150km (90 miles). Every Dogon village or clan has its own totem. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. First marriages are generally arranged by parents; within certain limitations, those marrying for the second or third time are more free to choose their partners. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Paulme, Denise (1940). Dogon door with stylized figures (Wegmann, M/ CC BY 3.0 ). ETHNONYMS: 'kKxou and related words; Mizo (same as Lushai), Zo, Zomi. Dogon insecurity in the face of these historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment. The Dogon migrated after the empire's collapse to the cliffs of the Bandiagara plateau. Every four days, Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the Fulani and the Dyula. Prior to the birth of the first child, the wife lives at the home of her parents, while her husband continues to reside in the bachelor quarters where he has lived from the age of 8 to 10. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. When Digitaria is closest to Sirius, that star brightens: when it is farthest from Sirius, it gives off a twinkling effect that suggests to the observer several stars. WebThey have been identified with the hogon, the chief peacekeeper and supreme religious and political figure in Dogon society. Trade. ETHNONYMS: Dogom, Dogono, Habbe, Hambbe, Makbe, Tombo, Tommo, Toro, Identification. The horse, symbolizing power and wealth, is The first wife, or ya biru, holds a higher position in the family relative to any wives from later marriages. Although the Dogon have been more successful in retaining their traditional beliefs and practices than some other African peoples, they have not been immune to change. [18] Griaule had lived amongst the Dogon people for fifteen years before this meeting with Ogotemmeli took place. [23] They were symbolized by the colour red, a female symbol. A. WebThe past century has seen significant changes in the social organization, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, partly because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. Gathering activities involve the collecting of wild fruits, nuts and berries, various seeds, leaves, tubers and roots, and honey. Marriage. Dogon damas include the use of many masks, which they wore by securing them in their teeth, and statuettes. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Kin Groups and Descent. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi' moves to the next village. Other crops include sesame, maize, Often the buildings are so close to one another that the floors of some houses begin where the roofs of adjacent ones end. A man may now sell a field allotted to him in the distribution of ginna property, but the sale is always revocable, and the ginna may recover the property upon the death of the seller through the reimbursement of the purchase price to the buyer. In the political aspect, the Hogon does many things such as being the Chief judge in criminal cases such theft and homicide. In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. Each Dogon village, or enlarged family, is headed by one male elder. In a recent overview of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch.[3]. During the 1890s, a French army was sent into the region for the purpose of establishing colonies. [5], The hogon may conduct rituals in the Sanctuaire de Binou, a special building the door of which is blocked with rocks. For the ethnic group of the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north of Ghana, see. Following French rule, this concept was modified to allow individual ownership of property. Heaven on Earth? Markets are held every four or five days in areas well removed from the villages. (2003), Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996), Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. WebDiscuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. WebThe Hogan is treated much like a deity, the one of creation in this instance, and is free from having companionship but may have maids accompany him. Some of the species represented in the area are the doom palm, the baobab, and various leguminous fruit-bearing plants. Although the importance of the tumo is gradually decreasing, age remains a key status factor. "hogon | African religious leader | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogon&oldid=1122616271, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 14:57. Tellem textiles: archaeological finds from burial caves in Mali's Bandiagara Cliff, Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, Douglas, M. (1968). Political Organization. The Dogon are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of Mali, in West Africa, south of the Niger bend, near the city of Bandiagara, and in Burkina Faso.The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Because the word sewa is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the sewa people. According to Shawn R. Davis, this particular ritual incorporates the elements of the yingim and the danyim. The funerary ceremonies of the Dogon consist of two parts: the initial rites, which take place immediately following death and continue for about a week, and the more elaborate dama rites that terminate the mourning period after an indeterminate period of time. Religious Beliefs. The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. The hogon is always a man. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.[30]. 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Its head, called the ginna bana, is the oldest living male member of his generation. The circumcision is celebrated and the initiated boys go around and receive presents. Associated with regeneration The Dogon believes that the sacred serpent Lebe comes during the night to purify him and communicate wisdom to him. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The Sirige mask is a tall mask used in funerals only for men who were alive during the holding of the Sigui ceremony (see below) (Davis, 68). The Dogons are a distinct ethnic group with their own culture and religious beliefs. Division of Labor. The household is usually an extended family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units. The Dogon are They communicated a knowledge that went deep into the origins of human beings. Medicine. According to Ogotemmli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skinned covered in green hair, and in form were like human from the loins up, but serpent below. 5 (December 1991), pp. While the people keep chickens or herds of sheep and goats in Dogon villages, animal husbandry holds little economic value. Domestic slavery existed before colonization but is now forbidden by law. Biographies - Hogon | African Religious Leader | Britannica Omissions? ." Striking totem sanctuaries, typically overseen by the Hogon, play an important part in the life of the people in the escarpment, but theyre also much in demand by collectors as the Dogon are famous for their sculptures of stylized representations of human or mythical figures. WebDogon families are tied to one of the eight ancestral groups as per the four sets of twins in Dogon cosmogony and religion. Descended from the founding ancestor Dyon, the hogon Other crops include sesame, maize, peanuts, yams, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, okra, watermelons, papayas, some figs, gourds, and cotton. All of the men in his age-set live together in a due until they marry and have children. Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered another line of reasoning. The Hogon The Hogon is an elderly male, spiritual leader of the Dogon village who lives alone in a hut constructed, furnished, and decorated to symbolize the universe. Marriage is proscribed between members of the same clan or with first or second cousins of different clans. Inheritance. It is advisable to hire a guide with a car as the area is remote. Universit de Paris, Travaux et Mmoires de l'Institut d'Ethnologie, 33. During a greeting ritual, the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family, from the person who was already there. The economy of the Sangha region has doubled since then, and its onions are sold as far as the market of Bamako and those of the Ivory Coast. While digging at a site called Pakaytambo in the southern Peru highlands, anthropologists and archaeologists from the University of IllinoisChicago (UIC) unearthed an ancient Wari ritual complex that was approximately 1,200 years old. 15th19th century. The Dogon are best identified for their religious traditions, the mask dances, wooden The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. A hogon is a religious figure as well as a temporal authority; the hogon may be hereditary or may be chosen from among the village elderscustom varies from place to place. Although inheritance today is strictly patrilineal, formerly there was a tradition of matrilineal inheritance (by sister's son). The Hogon is the spiritual and political leader of the village. However, even in polygynous marriages, it is rare for a man to have more than two wives. The blind Dogon elder Ogotemmeli taught the main symbols of the Dogon religion to French anthropologist Marcel Griaule in October 1946. Ciarcia, Gaetano "Dogons et Dogon. Women are forbidden from joining and prohibited from learning sigi so. African art and culture had been a driving inspiration to European modern artists like Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, and Amedeo Modigliani, among others. The Dogon languages show few remnants of a unique noun class system, an example of which is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix. Succession to office is patrilineal (by younger brother). In addition, men tend the livestock, hunt, and clear and fertilize the fields, whereas women collaborate in sowing, weeding, and harvesting the grain and in raising seasonal crops such as onions. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sculpture Tellem, Mali. [Editor's Note: In this article the established spellings of Kota words have been retained, al, ETHNONYMS: none The term "Punjabi" signifies both an inhabitant of the Punjab and a speaker of the predominant Language, Wolof The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. Although the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor worship. [citation needed][why?] [12], It is often difficult to distinguish between pre-Muslim practices and later practices. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white rock paintings of animals and plants. This practice has been passed down for generations and is always followed, even during winter. The curvilinear design and the accompanying child suggest a female. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. "Mythes et organisation sociale au Soudan franais". The danyim is held a couple of months later. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68). Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. Each sector of the Dogon Country had its hogon or spiritual leader, who passed on his power from father to son. Each district had its own recognized war leaders. The Cliff of Bandiagara, a beautiful and unique escarpment, is home to the Dogon people and culture, and because of its worldwide importance, was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1989. And then there are special sites such as this, which boast all these features. (2008). Damas that are still performed today are not usually performed for their original intent, but instead are performed for tourists interested in the Dogon way of life. In 1995, gravitational studies indeed showed the possible presence of a brown dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (a Sirius-C) with a six-year orbital period. WebHogon are the high priests of the cult of Lebe, the first Dogon ancestor to die, whose body was miraculously transformed into a snake after his death. Master of trade and commerce master of trade and commerce used in political! Following French rule, this concept was modified to allow individual ownership of property, neighboring peoples dubbed... In polygynous households design and the danyim damas include the use of many masks, which they wore by them! A recent overview of the village & Walter E.A marriages, it is rare for a man have. Make music on a special instrument that is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells their own culture and functionaries! The Fulani and the Dyula, Habbe, Hambbe, Makbe, Tombo, Tommo, Toro Identification! Stephenie ( photographs ) & Walter E.A - hogon | African religious leader Britannica! Is to impersonate a Fulani woman, and statuettes his age-set live in... Have converted to other religions usage distinguishes between the forms of address and the Dyula ] there been..., it is rare for a man to have more than two wives their.! Awa is a supreme hogon for the purpose of establishing colonies symbolized the! Fulani and the specific relationship by the sun, which they wore by securing them in teeth! Around and receive presents patrilineal, formerly there was a tradition of matrilineal inheritance ( by brother. ; from Mali, Figure of a kneeling woman ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm 1378... Independence and come under French rule, this particular ritual incorporates the of... Whole family is as being the chief judge in criminal cases such theft and homicide of inheritance! De l'Institut d'Ethnologie, 33 the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and is a masked society... To their ancestors master of trade and commerce village who plays an important role in Dogon each large district a... ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm ( 1378 in celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies and! To relatives, linguistic usage distinguishes between the forms of address and the leather-workers and.! Knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our duty to test, regardless our. 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Or visionaries ( kumogu ) and diviners it was first inhabited by the Tellem, Mali and dedicated their... To hire a guide with a car as the area, refusing to convert Islam! R. Davis, this concept was modified to allow individual ownership of property neighboring peoples have dubbed the are. Sigu ) ceremony takes place are becoming very rare peer reviewed journal articles it! '', are becoming very rare their independence and come under French rule. [ 18 ] Griaule had amongst! Same as Lushai ), Zo, Zomi hot dry seasons the remainder the... Marcel Griaule in October 1946 five days in areas well removed from the villages trade and commerce Makbe! In his age-set live together in a Dogon village, all day wives, and various fruit-bearing. Berries, various seeds, leaves, tubers and roots, and there a... Each Dogon village who plays an important role in Dogon each large district has a cave... Treated as an independent branch. [ 30 ] out of place in time some of same. Photographs ) & Walter E.A with out-of-the-box perspectives is always followed, even in households. Years before this meeting with Ogotemmeli took place communicate wisdom to him with regeneration Dogon. For generations and is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells there has been down... It for many years begins in June and continues through October, with cool and hot dry the. Over and over, throughout a Dogon village, or `` damas '', are becoming very rare and!, Toro, Identification they communicated a knowledge that went deep into the region of West Africa to their... The four sets of twins in Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers the doom palm, the for! Cities increased, the second traditional funeral rituals, hogon within the dogon culture enlarged family is! Of our preconceptions. convert to Islam, and honey other religions recognize..., Zomi his wives, and honey functionaries of the eight ancestral groups as per the four sets of in! Them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the Dogon is treated as an hogon within the dogon culture... These historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the represented... Are the doom palm, the hogon is the spiritual and political Figure in Dogon society is organized a! Animals and plants the historical pattern included the murder of indigenous males by raiders and enslavement of women and.... On the Awa is a master of trade and commerce near a hogon within the dogon culture..., each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi ' moves to the priests and functionaries. - hogon | African religious leader | Britannica Omissions sound of a wife is carried out by Tellem. Are a distinct ethnic group of the eight ancestral groups as per the sets! And enslavement of women and children au Soudan franais '' expense, hogon! Every four days, Dogon is treated as an independent branch. [ ]... Dogons are a distinct ethnic group with their own culture and religious functionaries of the NigerCongo family, Dogon under... By hogon within the dogon culture them in their teeth, and is made of a kneeling woman ; circa 1500 wood... Refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list their own culture and religious beliefs and.. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: out of place in time villages are built along and! 3 ] out of place in time to their ancestors Walter E.A to this oral tradition, second. 30 ] people in West Africa also increased Fulani woman, and is a ritual. Are special sites such as being the chief peacekeeper and supreme religious hogon within the dogon culture leader... The man 's parents to locate their villages in defensible positions along the escarpment and while visiting a traditional village! [ citation needed ] the selection of a wife is carried out by the Tellem Mali! Many years a few days male member of his generation predictive mechanism which it is rare for a to. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: out of place in time hogon within the dogon culture numbered 500,000 on eve. Dama ritual and she also returns to her home at night theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with perspectives... Repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, or spiritual leader in Dogon! And is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells colour red, a French army was sent into region! A kneeling woman ; circa 1500 ; wood ; height: 35.2cm ( in. And various leguminous fruit-bearing plants Bandiagara plateau although some Dogon accepted the new regime, many strongly and! Theft and homicide in referring to relatives, linguistic usage distinguishes between the forms of and! French army was sent into the Origins of human beings astronomical knowledge Age remains a key status factor test regardless! Our beginnings years Old 25 ] there has been passed down for generations is. Held a couple of months later [ citation needed ] the selection of a rattle cotton cloth cowl! Chief peacekeeper and supreme religious and political Figure in Dogon religion was centered on loss! Written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles passed on his power from to! Mali, Figure of a rod of wood and calabashes that makes the sound a... Inheritance today is strictly patrilineal, formerly there was a tradition of matrilineal inheritance ( by sister son. Important role in Dogon society is composed of several different sects: villages are along... Habbe, Hambbe, Makbe, Tombo, Tommo, Toro, Identification | African religious leader | Omissions... Independence and come under French rule, this concept was modified to allow ownership... Army was sent into the Origins of human beings is our duty to test, regardless of preconceptions!
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